A rare 1723 ducat from the Archdiocese of Cologne
In the 17th century, Cologne was shaken by the quarrel of two families competing for the archbishop’s office. Joseph Clemens of Wittelsbach prevailed, was forced to exile – and has left us with presentation pieces featuring interesting motifs.
Medieval Sicily Part 6: Sicily becomes Norman
Robert Guiscard planned on bringing all of Sicily under his control. Since his adversaries were Moslems, he fought a holy war – a concept that was prevalent at the time. It was his successor Roger who then turned Sicily into a model of religious tolerance.